The Epic of Gilgamesh and Sumerian Culture Essay - 792 Words

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Sumerian Culture The Epic of Gilgamesh is generally regarded as the greatest literature about tales of a great king. The Epic of Gilgamesh served to show us a lot of things. The time period of BCE is very blurry, and this story attempts to describe many different things in not only Sumerian beliefs, but also Sumerians culture as a whole. Like many stories from BCE the truth itself is questionable, even though a lot of the information is fact. The factual information that Gilgamesh teaches us about Sumerian Civilization is that had had many craftsman and artistic skills, and also a strong belief in Gods. Gilgamesh is introduced as knowing all things and countries including mysteries and secrets that†¦show more content†¦This is proof of the Sumerian architectural abilities. The architecture in Mesopotamia are considered to have been contemporary with the founding of the Sumerian cities, but there was some complexity in the architectural design during this Protoliterate period (c. 3400-c. 2900 BC). This is shown in the design of many religious buildings. Typical temples of the Protoliterate period--both the platform type and the type built at ground level--are, however, much more elaborate both in planning and ornament. The interior was decorated with cones sunk into the wall, covered in bronze. Most cities were simple in structure, but the ziggurat was one of the worlds first complex architectural structures. The Sumerian temples, called ziggurats was a small brick house that the god was supposed to visit periodically. This house, however, was set on a brick platform, whi ch became larger and taller as time progressed. Along with showing many types of Sumerian craftsmanship, the epic shows the strong belief in many gods. All through out the story Gilgamesh comes in contact with many gods. But even before the contact with the gods, there was talk about Gilgamesh being created by them. When the Gods created him they gave him a perfect body...Shamash...endowed him with beauty, Adad endowed him withShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout history and in many different cultures. All quest stories follow the same pattern and have the same archetypes. The first stage in a quest is the call to adventure or the protagonist s separation from his or her daily life. The next stage is the , threshold stage. After threshold is initiation or loss and the final stages are, the ultimate boon and return. Within every quest, there is also some lesson to be learned by the protagonist. The Epic of Gilgamesh, a story writte n thousands of yearsRead MoreComparing The Epic Of Gilgamesh1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a Sumerian epic of the great king Gilgamesh and his deeds on Earth in ancient mesopotamia and in the city of Uruk. It is an important historical text because it is one of the oldest western epics and because it explains much about how the ancient Sumerians viewed the Gods (Mark). The epic contains the tells of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Utnapishtim, and many Gods and Goddesses of ancient Sumeria specifically Ishtar, the Goddess of love. In the tale Gilgamesh is created by the GodsRead MoreRole Of Civilization In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1194 Words   |  5 PagesWhile many believe inhabitants of early civilizations, like the Sumerians, were at peace with their environment and community, The Epic of Gilgamesh has challenged that idea and suggests that whether or not a Sumerian was civilized or not, determined their relationship with the environment and community. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, representation of the best and worst of humanity is presented through the characters, Enkidu and King Gilgamesh. From the beginning, Enkidu is portrayed as an uncivilized, wildRead MoreGilgamesh And Death821 Words   |  3 Pagestheme in the The Epic of Gilgamesh. Being that this epic largely represented the Sumerian and Mesopotamians idea I believe the feeling of Gilgamesh himself on death and it s aftermath would be very much the same for most of the society in the time that it was written. Gilgamesh was largely afraid of dying and did everything he could to avoid this inevitable fate. The first major sign we have of Gilgamesh s fear of dying comes when his friend Enkidu dies. At first Gilgamesh cannot even acceptRead MoreImagery and Themes in the Epic of Gilgamesh1139 Words   |  5 PagesContext - Imagery and Themes Rosenberg notes that Gilgamesh is probably the worlds first human hero in literature (27). The Epic of Gilgamesh is based on the life of a probably real Sumerian king named Gilgamesh, who ruled about 2600 B.C.E. We learned of the Gilgamesh myth when several clay tablets written in cuneiform were discovered beginning in 1845 during the excavation of Nineveh (26). We get our most complete version of Gilgamesh from the hands of an Akkadian priest, Sin-liqui-unninniRead MoreEssay about Comparing The Epic of Gilgamesh with The Odyssey1262 Words   |  6 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey both are held in high respect by literature analysts and historians alike for the characterization of the hero and his companion, the imagery brought to mind when one of them is read, and the impressive length in relation to the time period it was written in. The similarities that these two epics share do not end with only those three; in fact, the comparability of these works extend to even th e information on the author and the archetypes used. However, TheRead MoreAncient Civilization And Modern Day Iraq And Kuwait Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Sumerian Civilization The ancient civilization of Sumer was located in modern-day Iraq and Kuwait, and is believed to have begun around 6000 B.C. It is considered ‘The cradle of civilization’ by most historians, because it’s where the first elaborate urban societies appeared. Sumerians were polytheistic, and had a pantheon consisting of many gods and goddesses, who were anthropomorphic superhumans. The Sumerians held a unique view of creation, the afterlife, and worship. They contributedRead More A Comparison of the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Scriptures1302 Words   |  6 Pages A Comparison of the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Scriptures The Hebrew Flood story of Noah and his obligation to preserve man kind after God had punished all living creatures for their inequities parallels The Epic of Gilgamesh in several ways. Even though these two compilations are passed on orally at different times in history the similarities and differences invoke deliberation when these stories are compared. Numerous underlining themes are illustrated throughout each story. Humans areRead MoreEssay on Gilgamesh vs. Genesis1436 Words   |  6 PagesGilgamesh vs. Genesis In our society, which is overwhelmingly Judeo-Christian, students often find it difficult to compare Bible stories with tales from other cultures, because our own belief system is wrapped up in the prior, and it is hard for many of us to go against our traditional faith to evaluate them objectively. But in a comparison of the Biblical book of Genesis with the ancient Sumerian text, Epic of Gilgamesh, many parallels suggest that the same type of spiritualRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Goddess Aruru, The Temple Prostitute, And The Unnamed Bride1206 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three important women in the epic of Gilgamesh: the goddess Aruru, the temple prostitute Shamhat, and the unnamed bride. Each of these individuals give unique insight into the culture of the Sumerians in the time of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The goddess Aruru exemplifies that, despite being a deity, all women were subjected to certain constraints based solely on their gender and societal norms. Shamhat demonstrates that women held various functional roles in society, including roles within

Questions On The Sovereign Debt Crisis - 2450 Words

This essay will address the question â€Å"The sovereign debt crisis shows that any solution to the financial crisis needs to put greater emphasis on the market solutions and less regulation.† It will contain arguments as to why the sovereign debt crisis shows that greater emphasis on market solutions should be made rather than more emphasis on regulations. It will begin with addressing the situation in Europe that is named the sovereign debt crisis. Then it will be followed on by examples of countries that have had hardships with the levels of debts they have accumulated within the euro zone. The flaws and faults in the formation of the European Union via the Maastricht Treaty agreement that where shown in the financial crisis that began in†¦show more content†¦In order to fight the crisis some governments within the European Union had focused on raising taxes and lowering expenditure. This raise of taxes and lowering of the governments expenditure contributed to soc ial unrest as it is only natural the living population would much rather not pay higher taxes (Eichler, 2011). Sovereign debt had risen substantially in only a few Eurozone countries, most dramatically in countries like Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Although only a small amount of countries had a debt crisis or where on a path of having a debt crisis, it had become a perceived problem for the rest of the European union countries as the threat of further contagion was on the brink and a possible break-up of the Eurozone was in peoples thoughts. The global credit crunch in 2007/ 08 affected and exposed countries to the sovereign debt crisis. The credit crunch alludes to a sudden deficiency of trusts for giving, prompting an ensuing decrease in advances accessible. This credit crunch was constrained by a sharp climb in defaults on subprime contracts. These home loans were predominantly in America however the ensuing deficiency of stores spread all through whatever remains of the worl d particularly in Europe. This credit crunch led to many changes within the Eurozone, the following are some of the changes that the credit crunch caused; bank losses such as commercial European banks lost money on their exposure to bad debts in US, recession that resulted

South And Southeast Asia Essay Example For Students

South And Southeast Asia Essay IntroductionThe region under scrutiny happens to be among the most impoverished countries in the world, though allowing for so much growth that is has made them among the fastest growing countries in the world. The region with all this potential is South and Southeast Asia, and the countries holding 40% of the worlds poor are Bangladesh, Thailand, Pakistan and India. How is it that South Asia has grown so much over the past decade with 35% of its men and 59% of its woman being illiterate? Or how is it that half a billion of the people in South Asia are living off less than a dollar a day? So much of the information I have found for this paper is hard to swallow, though I will try and tell it to you straight and in this sequence:1. What is believed to be the beginning of the crisis that South Asia is faced with now?2. Who is supporting growth and development in South Asia?3. Through all this support, how much debt is being created?4. What are individual weaknesses facing certain count ries in South Asia?5. Can these countries be of success in the long run?The beginning of the crisisSince July of 1997 Southeast Asia has been hit by an economic crisis of major proportion. The economic crisis was originally limited to Thailands financial sector, when the central bank of Thailand devalued its currency, the baht. Like so many other currencies the baht had been pegged to the all so valuable U.S. dollar to help ensure stability. Though because of the major success in the U.S. economy the dollar has been seen as strengthening, leading many investors to feel that the baht and many of the other currencies pegged to the dollar were overvalued. Because of this created concern many of the investors fearing an unstable currency chose to exchange its currency for dollars. As the confidence in the baht dwindled, companies operating in Southeast Asia scrambled to get rid of its currency as well. Thailands central bank was hoping that this devaluation would stop and eventually res tore confidence in its currency, how would this happen of course? I would assume that Thailand was hoping for a lowering in the price of goods in dollar terms, which would make those products competitive in foreign markets. This in turn would attract new investments into the country. Though this did not happen, and a monsoon of loan defaults and debt resulted, and much of Asias financial sector was headed for bankruptcy. With the threat of economic collapse looming Thailand officials sought international help. Who is supporting the growthIn order for many South Asian countries to survive they had to seek help in the form of loans, luckily for them the International Monetary Fund was able to help. The IMF and several Asian countries have so far pledged to provide more than a $100 billion in loans to help save Southeast Asias struggling financial systems. Though in return for these loans, recipient countries must implement a series of austerity measures designed to contain the crisis and improve their free-market economic policies. Some of these austerity measures are to increase certain taxes, implement policies to discourage banks from making risky loans and to shut down many of the insolvent financial firms that had planned on being bailed out. Therefore the Asian crisis and the IMF bailout has created a wide-ranging debate on the merits of Asias economic model. Though with the debate on how to fix the crisis, it really seems to be just two competing versions of capitalism. The Asian mode l, set to resemble Japans economy, is based on the belief that leaders must take a direct and active role in the free market to assure rapid growth and high employment. The other version is the Western model, modeled after the U.S. economy, which is set to discourage government intervention in the marketplace and largely place faith in the free market to determine the countries course of economic development. To many observers, the glaring economic inequalities and high levels of unemployment in the West would be signs of the deficiencies in the Western style of capitalism. Though it is easy for people of the Asian model to point to Southeast Asias current economic collapse as evidence that the Asian system has failed. One of the immediate goals of the IMF bailout package to Thailand was to prevent further currency instability in the region. Yet much of the damage had already been done; after the devaluation of the baht, other currencies in Southeast Asia plunged. Most governments i n the region were able to prevent their currencies from tumbling, though many countries used their multi-billion dollar reserves of foreign currency to buy back their declining domestic currencies. The debt that is risingOut of all the loans that have been taken out, you have to be asking yourself how much debt has South Asia created and how has this happened? The general consensus is that Asias debt stems largely from overzealous domestic investment. Being optimistic that Southeast Asias remarkable economic growth would continue, companies in the region borrowed huge amounts of money and poured it into investments such as real estate. When those investments didnt profit, companies simply borrowed more money or extended their loans to cover outstanding debt. In some extreme cases, banks extended enormously risky loans because they were partly owned by the businesses that needed the funds. After all this risky borrowing those businesses that were not already bankrupt were looking at debts that were three to six times the total amount of cash invested in their companies. The comparison to this would be the U.S., which has a debt-to-equity ratio of one to one as opposed to the six to one in South Asia. Debts quickly led to bankruptcy when currencies fell and no one was willing to extend any more loans in Asian countries. .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 , .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .postImageUrl , .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 , .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:hover , .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:visited , .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:active { border:0!important; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:active , .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89 .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45bdcea4b5bd8edb10c37356f8e76d89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Making the Atomic Bomb Decision EssayAnother major problem that helps with debt in South Asia is corruption. Corruption has contributed to many problems in South Korea and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, as prominent businessmen, bankers and politicians are often found embezzling funds and pressuring banks to make illegal loans. These types of corrupt business practices have become commonplace in many of the financial markets in South Asia. Individual weaknesses facing South and Southeast Asian countriesOne of the major weaknesses facing the world is the lack of energy to support the amount of people living within in it. This is the weakness in India, as economic growth and t he welfare of its people is hindered by power supply constrains. Indias power sector is continually being hit by capacity shortages resulting in blackouts along with deteriorating physical and financial conditions. India has found ways to possibly fix this dilemma though the World Bank had to be involved by providing a $350 million dollar loan in 1996. India has mainly used coal, which was its least-cost source of primary energy and still meets two-thirds of the countrys energy needs. Though the average households access to electricity is forty six percent, which drops to thirty three percent in rural areas. So the need for another form of power is evident, though the International Finance Corporation has invested in one of the first private coalmines in India. Another major weakness that seems to be facing many countries is the literacy of the people in that country. This happens to be the major weakness in Bangladesh where 59% of woman and 35% of men are illiterate. The World Bank has attempted to help Bangladesh through approving a $53.3 million dollar credit for a project to improve and expand the literacy education in Bangladesh. This new project is designed to benefit newly literate adults, who are among the countrys poorest people. This will hopefully help the country reduce poverty and, in the social sectors, to promote faster and more equitable human development. The five-year project that has been constructed is expected to benefit 1.6 million learners, with half of them being woman. Can these countries be of successWith taking a look at Thailand, India and Bangladesh it is apparent that money is more than just the issue. The issue is can these countries overcome the debt, the lack of power and the percentage of illiterate looming in their country? Many of the reforms implemented since the crises has actually appeared to have a large impact on national morale. Though can it be believed that 1.6 million will be taught to read and write, or that enough coal will be found to power an entire country at more than seventy five percent efficiency. What about the value of the baht? Will that suddenly increase because billions of dollars are being lent to saving this almost bankrupt country? The truth of the matter is that I dont know the answer to any of these questions. How do I even begin to weigh the consequences of some of these countries actions, and are these reforms things that I would spend my money on. I would hope so; I wouldnt want an illiterate country, or a country continually dealing with power shortages. Though will these issues go away, is time the only true answer. ConclusionThis paper has really tried to focus on the crisis that South and Southeast Asia is in, I looked at it from a larger standpoint while still keeping the topics small. I did this because currency is something that nearly every country has trouble controlling. Plus there are a lot of troubles that come with a collapsing currency, as far as market instability and fear of investing. This was just a few of the problems that effected every country used in this paper, every country that was spoken about was among the poorest countries in the world though still receiving recognition for being among the fastest growing countries in the world. That in its self is hard to explain; how would this happen to this specific region of the world. These are the types of questions that were attempted in this paper. The specific answers are not given in this paper however because I personally cannot answer them. But what it will take for these countries to succeed has been answered and the funding is there for them to do that. If the progress continues in the direction that all these countries are facing, it is possible for all these countries to survive and pull themselves out of poverty.

Leaders of the States Rights Debate redo free essay sample

John C. Calhoun was born in 1782, in Billable County, South Carolina of which as to the fourth child Of Patrick Calhoun and his wife Martha Caldwell. When John turned 17 years old he quit school to work on the family farm because his father had become ill. With the help of his brother that was financially able help, John earned a degree from Yale College in 1804. After studying Law at Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchis Connecticut he was admitted to South Carolina bar in 1807.He won his first election in 1810, were he was immediately leader of the War Hawks, and this is when he was acting chairman of the powerful committee on foreign affairs. Also in 1817 he was appointed Secretary of War. At this point in time is where he built his reputation as a leading American politician and political theorist during the first half of the 19th century. He built his reputation on his beliefs for slavery and minority rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders of the States Rights Debate redo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1811 John married and had 10 children over the next 18 years, he attend church with his wife whom was Episcopalian and he was a member of Souls Unitarian Church.He was often caught between the two religions most of his life. John became the seventh vice president of the United States in 1825 and ended his term in 1832. He considered running for ND term of Vice President before his death in 1850. He was touched by the great awakening in the South. Henry Clay was born on April 12, 1777, in Hanover County, Virginia. Henry was the seventh of nine children of the Reverend John Clay and Elizabeth Clay. His father died four year later and his mother a widower remarried and his stepfather Cap. Henry Watkins moved them to Richmond, Virginia.His stepfather secured Clay employment in the office of the Virginia Court of Chancery; there he became friends with George Withy, who chose Clay as his secretary, After Clay was employed as Withys amanuensis for four years, the honorable took an active interest in Clays future; he arranged a position for him with the Virginia attorney general, Robert Brooke. Clay read law by working and studying with Withy. Clay was admitted to the bar to practice law in 1797. After beginning his law career, on April 11, 1 799, Clay married. Clay and his wife had eleven children. In November 1797, Clay relocated to Lexington, Kentucky. Clay owned a productive 600-acre plantation. Clays most notable client was Aaron Burr in 1806, after the US District Attorney indicted him for planning an expedition into Spanish Territory west f the Mississippi River. Clay and his law partner John Allen successfully defended Burr. Although not old enough to be elected, Clay was appointed a representative of Fayette County in the Kentucky General Assembly. As a legislator, Clay advocated a liberal interpretation of the states constitution and initially the gradual emancipation of slavery in Kentucky.Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun helped to pass the Tariff of 181 6 as part of the national economic plan Clay called The American System. Clays American System ran into strong opposition from President Jacksons administration. In 1820 a spite erupted over the extension of slavery in Missouri Territory. Clay helped settle this dispute by gaining Congressional approval for a plan called the Missouri Compromise. It brought in Maine as a Free State and Missouri as a slave state. By 1824 sought the office of president, Because of the unusually large number of candidates.Having finished fourth, Clay was eliminated from contention. When Clay was appointed Secretary of State, his maneuver was called a corrupt bargain by many of Jacksons supporters and tarnished Clays reputation. As Secretary of State his slave Charlotte Deputy sued Clay for her freedom and that of her two children. In 1 832 the National Republicans unanimously nominated Clay for the presidency, Clay lost by a wide margin. In 1848, Clay decided to retire to his Ashland estate in Kentucky. Retired for less than a year, he was in 1849 again elected to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky. 1850, Clay proposed a series of resolutions, which he considered to reconcile Northern and Southern interests, Admission of California as a free state, ending the balance of free and slave states in the senate. Organization of the Utah and New Mexico territories without any slavery provisions prohibition Of the slave trade. Clays efforts, failed in a crucial vote. Clay continued to serve both the Union he loved and his home state of Kentucky. On June 29, 1852, he died. Robert Haynes was born in South Carolina on Novo. 0, 1 791. He received a private education unable to afford to go to college; He studied law in the office of London Chives in Charleston Just before he was 21 . He was admitted to the bar in 1812, where he also served in the War of 1812, in 1814. He was elected to the state legislature in 1814. He was a member of the House of Representatives for the next four years, serving as Speaker of the House in 1818. Haynes was Attorney General of South Carolina from 1818 to 1822. Haynes first wife died 1820. Later that year he remarried. In 1822, he became the Senator. After his reelection in 1828, he entered into a famous debate, hoping to forge closer ties between South and West. Haynes was considered an ardent free-trader and an uncompromising advocate of states rights. He consistently upheld the doctrine that slavery was a domestic institution. He then decided to serve as Chairman of the nullification convention. Haynes view that states could nullify federal laws with which they did not agree. This is where he began to attained prominence as an eloquent defender of States rights. Haynes contended that the United States Constitution was only a compact between the national government and the states, and that any state could nullify any federal law which it considered to be in contradiction. He opposed the federal governments plan to send delegates to the Panama Congress, to develop a united North and South American policy towards Spain, including the end of slavery in Spains former colonies. He opposed the protectionist federal tariff ills, to enhance the profitability of manufacturing interests in his home state. This angered Southern leaders who would have to pay higher prices for manufactured goods.Whether the federal government had the authority to take this action called into question the relationship between the powers of the federal government and the governments of the individual states. Haynes was president of the Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad from 1836 until his death in September 1839. Andrew Jackson was born March, 1 767 in the Hawk settlement on the border between North and South Carolina. His father, Andrew Jackson father) came over from Carsickness, on the north coast of Ireland, in 1765. His mothers name was Elizabeth Hutchinson.Andrew Jackson, the father, died a few days before the birth of his son. The log cabin in which he was born in was situated within a quarter of a mile of the boundary between the two Carolinas, no one seem to know exactly. In a letter of 24 December, 1 830, in the proclamation addressed to the nullifiers, in 1832, and again in his will, Jackson speaks of himself as a native of South Carolina. He received sporadic education. In his late teens he read law for about two years, lawyer in Tennessee. He was than elected to House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the Senate.He was a major general in the War of Andean by 1 828 he had enough of the state elections and took control of the Federal administration in Washington. In his first Annual Message to Congress, Jackson recommended eliminating the Electoral College. He also tried to democratic Federal office holding. Two parties were opposing him and that was the Republican Party and the Democrats (Whig). Behind their accusations unlike previous Presidents, Jackson did not defer to Congress in policy-making UT used his power of the veto and leadership to assume command.The greatest party battle was with the Second Bank of the United States, a private corporation Govern by monopoly. When Jackson appeared hostile toward it, the Bank threw its power against him. Jackson met head-on the challenge of John C. Calhoun, leader Of forces trying to rid themselves Of a high protective tariff. Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun until Clay negotiated a compromise: tariffs were lowered and South Carolina dropped nullification. Clay and Webster, who had acted as lawyers for the Bank, led the fight for its charter in Congress. The bank.Jackson vetoed the recharge bill and charged the second Bank with undue economic privilege. Jackson challenged John C. Calhoun that he was trying to rid them of a high protective tariff. In January of 1832 Jackson retired to the Hermitage, where he died in June 1845. Daniel Webster was born January 18, 1782, Salisbury, New Hampshire. At an early age he was taught how to read. As he grew older he attended classes various houses where the schoolmaster boarded in succession around the township. At 14 he spent part of a year at Phillips Exeter Academy, and at 15 e entered Dartmouth College. After graduation he taught school and read law, going to Boston and studying in the office of a prominent lawyer. He began his own practice near home but moved to Portsmouth in 1807, married Grace Fletcher. Webster who had been prospering through trade with Great Britain and France. The Portsmouth businessmen objected to the federal governments effort to retaliate by limiting and even stopping overseas commerce as their spokesman, Webster denounced the Jefferson administrations embargo as unconstitutional he also opposed the declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812.